In the efficacy monitoring stage, liquid biopsy technology can track the dynamic changes of tumor related mutation profiles (such as TP53, KRAS) in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to monitor tumor burden in real time and evaluate treatment response [319, 320]; The activation level of caspase‐3 can specifically reflect the degree of initiation of tumor cell apoptosis, and combined with DNA damage repair marker analysis, it can provide reference for predicting radiotherapy sensitivity [321]. The gene discussed is TP53; the disease is neoplasm.