On the one hand, TGF-β3 can promote the development of LF and the deposition of an extracellular matrix; on the other hand, TGF-β3 has also been demonstrated to exert anti-fibrotic actions, potentially by modulating inflammatory responses or promoting matrix degradation (Liao et al., 2023; Jiang et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB3 and Lassa fever.