GLI1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: This model enables researchers to identify specific molecular targets (e.g., dysregulated Shh/Gli1 signaling, impaired lipid metabolism for surfactant production) and critical developmental windows (like ALV2-ALV4 in mice, corresponding to early childhood in humans) for potential early interventions aimed at protecting lung development in high-risk infants, potentially improving long-term respiratory outcomes beyond just managing PAH.