TNF and coronary artery disorder: The Venn diagram (Fig. 2B) further shows the overlap between DEGs, WGCNA-derived module genes, and lipid metabolism-associated genes, revealing seven hub genes: SERPINA1, PTGS2, ALDH2, CD36, TNF, IL1B, and GLUL. These genes are involved in lipid metabolic dysregulation and chronic inflammation, and likely play pivotal roles in CHD pathogenesis.