TLR4 and heart failure: GLUL colocalizes with macrophages in carotid plaques and regulates plaque vulnerability [51]; it serves as a diagnostic biomarker for atrial fibrillation (AUC = 0.767) and heart failure (AUC = 0.76) [52], and modulates immunometabolism via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway-supplementing α-KG or overexpressing GLUL alleviates inflammatory injury [53, 54].