At T0, both groups were found to be comparable regarding age (p = 0.09) (metformin group 71.50 ± 7.06 years; insulin group: 71,38 ± 7.10 years), gender (p = 0.73), and glaucoma stage; as assessed by VF parameters including Mean Deviation (MD) (p = 0.75), Pattern Standard Deviation (PSD) (p = 0.93), and Visual Field Index (VFI) (p = 0.91). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is glaucoma.