We found that patients with a high M2 cell count had a poor short-term prognosis could be because M2 macrophages mainly secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines such as Arginase-I, IL-10, and TGF-β, which help reduce inflammation, promote tumour growth, and support immunosuppression, consistent with the well-established pro-tumour effect of M2 macrophages in various tumours.42 Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.