IL33 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: For the clinical context, IL-33/ST2 axis therapies, including itepekimab (anti-IL-33), astegolimab (anti-ST2), and tozorakimab (anti-IL-33), have demonstrated favourable safety profiles in phase II–III trials for asthma and COPD, supporting feasibility for oncology testing (Table 1) [118–120].