For instance, AD exhibits upregulation in genes such as IGFBP2, SRGN, PLCB4, EDIL3, and IGF2, while BM shows upregulation in IL13RA2, SFRP4, PI16, PKDCC, and EPB41L3. The upregulated DEGs in AD are significantly enriched in H1F1A and SP1 TFs (Supplementary fig. Here, IGFBP2 is linked to Alzheimer disease.