CSN1S1 and Reduced sperm motility: While earlier studies noted discrepancies in sperm motility assessments between manual and CASA methods, recent research highlights the X1 PRO’s capability to detect a wide range of sperm concentrations (0.1–300 million/mL) and its superior sensitivity and specificity (>90%) in identifying oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia compared with the IVOS II.