HP and Alzheimer disease: Among the strongest associations in women were TSPAN14 (Z=5.88), a known AD gene implicated in amyloid processing17, PSEN1 (Z=−4.57), linked to early-onset AD but discovered here in the context of late-onset AD38, ETFA (Z=4.84), relevant to mitochondrial metabolism, and HP (Z=4.76), which impacts APOE biology39.