Furthermore, significant differences were observed between patients with no or mild FTR and significant FTR in the proportion of female patients, AF duration, left atrial diameter (LAD), left atrial diameter index (LADI), right atrium (RA) enlargement, RV enlargement, pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and atrial fibrillation.