Additionally, Metformin, a widely prescribed medication for diabetes, has been shown to effectively slow down the progression of DKD by enhancing cholesterol efflux and lipid metabolism via the activation of the AMPK pathway (51).As emerging therapeutic agents for DKD, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors induce glycosuria, thereby shifting the primary cellular energy substrate from glucose to free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation. The gene discussed is SLC5A2; the disease is diabetes mellitus.