The proteins downregulated by H. pylori infection in Dhpsfl/+ animals included numerous cytochromes, e.g., CP2F, CP2E1, CP3AB, CP2DA, and CP240, which are known to be downregulated during infection and inflammation, TFF1, the stabilizer of the mucous gel overlying the gastrointestinal mucosa that provides a physical barrier against bacteria, and the marker of M2/Mreg macrophages, ARGI1 (Fig. 5C and Supplementary Table S1); most of these effectors were less altered in infected DhpsΔepi mice (Fig. 5C and Supplementary Table S1). This evidence concerns the gene TFF1 and infection.