CTLA4 and neoplasm: To assess treatment-induced abscopal effects, mice received bilateral orthotopic injections of tumor cells and, upon reaching ~ 6mm in size, were randomized to receive: no treatment, hypofractionated RT (8 Gy × 3) to a single tumor, dual immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI: anti–PD-1 and anti–CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated protein 4)), or combined radioimmunotherapy (RT + ICI) (Fig. 1b).