Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were found in patients with unstable angina, and an early increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, and transforming growth factor 1-beta (TGF-1beta) were observed in response to acute myocardial infarction (35). Here, TGFB1 is linked to angina pectoris.