In the hypoxic TME, M2-like TAMs not only drive immunosuppressive TME formation by recruiting forkhead box P3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) but also stimulate tumor angiogenesis and promote tumor progression toward malignancy by secreting Th2 cell cytokines such as IL-4, IL-13, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and epidermal growth factor15,16. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.