As β-catenin is an activator of the STAT3 signaling 42, and is activated by oxidative stress 43, we next performed western blotting, qPCR and IHC assays, and the results showed that β-catenin was upregulated in AOM/DSS treated mice and downregulated in α-hederin group (Fig. 4A, B, C). This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and infectious otitis media.