BST2 and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: For instance, elevated BST2 expression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) correlates with diminished tumor purity, poor prognosis, and altered immune infiltration [35], while in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), it promotes cellular migration and invasion via the AKT/ERK1/2-STAT1 signaling pathway [36].