HMOX1 and irritable bowel syndrome: To determine whether BMSC-Exos mediate visceral nociceptive sensitization and anxiety-like behaviors in IBS rats through the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, ML385 was preadministered intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days from postnatal day 50 to 54, combined with intrathecal injection of 30 μg BMSC-Exos.