TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In contrast, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ were significantly decreased in T1DM patients relative to controls (F (1, 174) = 6.624 and p = 0.01 for TNFα and F (1, 178) = 114.4 and p<0.0001 for IFNγ; Figures 2B, C).