IL-1β, a classical pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with periodontal pathology, showed significantly elevated levels in T1DM individuals compared to non-diabetic controls (F (1, 176) = 20.46 and p < 0.0001), particularly in the gingivitis and periodontitis groups (p = 0.03 and p = 0.0001, respectively; Figure 3A). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is periodontitis.