TNFRSF18 and neoplasm: By incorporating agonistic anti-GITR stimulation alongside IL-2/IL-15/IL-21 and antagonistic anti-PD-1 treatment during the early phase of TIL expansion, we achieved enhanced TIL proliferation, an increased frequency of CD8+ T cells, and improved anti-tumor activity against autologous primary OC cells both in vitro and in vivo.