Topological analysis identified protein kinase AKT-1 (AKT1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), tumor protein P53 (TP53), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as occupying core positions within the PPI network, indicating their role as hub genes in the action of CUR against T2DM (Figure 4C). Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.