INS and Alzheimer disease: Growing evidence indicates that disruptions in insulin receptor (IR) signaling contribute to AD pathology (Plum et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2010; Pomytkin et al., 2018), as insulin plays a fundamental role in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and energy metabolism (Gerozissis, 2008; Huang et al., 2010; Milstein and Ferris, 2021).