INS and Alzheimer disease: Recent studies have highlighted the role of tau pathology in both AD and T2DM, where tau-induced alterations in insulin signaling have emerged as a common pathogenic mechanism linking these two disorders and contributing to their shared pathophysiology (Rodriguez-Rodriguez et al., 2017; Gonçalves et al., 2019; El Idrissi and Alonso, 2022; Al-Lahham and Mendez, 2023; Li et al., 2023; Sarkar et al., 2023).