TNF and colitis: Recent studies have shown that proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and IFN-γ-induced chemokines such as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9, 10, and 11 are elevated in ICI-AIN but not in ICI-treated patients with AKI from other causes.8–10 Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of tissue from patients with ICI-colitis11 and myocarditis12 have each identified an immune cell infiltration dominated by T cells and inflammatory myeloid cells, in addition to organ-specific differences, such as IL-17A-producing T cells in ICI-colitis.