GDF15 and cancer: Notable in the secretome of cancer cells was also the high level of CSF1 – a cytokine with role in inflammatory regulatory processes, adhesion and migration (GeneCards - Human Genes | Gene Database | Gene Search, n.d.), and of GDF15 – a multifunctional protein involved in many processes of relevance to cancer progression and metastasis such as EMT, remodeling of the TME, immune escape, and development of therapeutic resistance (e.g., anti PD-1/PD-L1 therapies) (GeneCards - Human Genes | Gene Database | Gene Search, n.d.; Melero et al., 2025).