TGFB1 and neoplasm: Differential gene expression and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of bulk transcriptomes from primary and metastatic locations revealed a marked upregulation of embryonic stem cell, EMT and mesenchymal signatures, and BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways in tumor cells at metastatic sites (Fig. 4A–D), which contribute to tumor malignancy and invasiveness in NB metastases.