Pattern 7, for example, while not found to be significantly enriched in IPMN or PDAC samples, exhibited GSEA terms associated with cell survival and stress response such as TNF-alpha signaling, hypoxia, p53, and MTORc1 signaling and may represent a pan-epithelial stress response program (henceforth referred to as “IPMN-SR pattern 7”) (Supplementary Figure 2C). Here, TP53 is linked to pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm.