Employing bootstrap resampling of AML and normal blood samples, at least 95% of bootstraps support that that FLT3 has a carcinogenic effect ranked more than three places higher in adult AML compared to childhood AML and that KRAS has a carcinogenic effect ranked more than six places higher in childhood relative to adult AML (methods; Extended Data Figure 3D). This evidence concerns the gene KRAS and acute myeloid leukemia.