The role of increased CCL4 and CXCL10 concentrations have been implicated in the progression of metabolic diseases or dysregulation including diabetes [73], obesity, and insulin resistance [74–75]; however, to the best of our knowledge no studies have examined these relationships between HPA activity, metabolic health, and chemokine levels in older-aged populations of any species. The gene discussed is CCL4; the disease is diabetes mellitus.