However, isobutyric acid did not alter PD-L1 or MHC I expression on tumor cells, nor did it significantly affect the levels of immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10 or TGF-β, suggesting that its potentiating effect primarily arises from direct modulation of T cells combined with its tumor-suppressive activity (Murayama et al., 2024). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.