These metabolites can regulate tumor metabolic reprogramming, including glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, For example, SCFAs derived from gut microbiota can modulate glucose metabolism in cancer cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, thereby suppressing tumor cell proliferation and inducing differentiation (Hinnebusch et al., 2002). This evidence concerns the gene HDAC9 and neoplasm.