further demonstrated that metformin modulates the gut microbiome to increase Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia abundance, downregulate proangiogenic genes (Tie1, Pgf, and Gata2), and attenuate the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (Zhang JY et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene TIE1 and age-related macular degeneration.