TNF and neoplasm: TNF is a cytokine secreted mainly by macrophages that binds TNFR1 and TNFR2. It induces tumor cell death, fever, cachexia, and can promote proliferation and differentiation. Impairs Treg function, stimulates VEGF (with IL-1β and IL-6) to drive angiogenesis, and promotes osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.