IL-2 can stimulate the antitumor activity of NK+ cells and promote macrophage M1 polarization through the Jak3–Stat pathway (31); TNF-α can directly cause tumor cell apoptosis, break tumor cell DNA, cause cell shrinkage and death, and activate antitumor immunity by affecting natural killer and CD8+ T cells (30, 32). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.