TNF and adenomyosis: Studies have demonstrated that in the endometrial tissues of patients with adenomyosis, the cGAS, STING, interferon-α (IFN-α), IFN-β, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA and protein levels are all increased (Lin et al., 2021), which suggests the abnormal activation of this signaling pathway in adenomyosis.