Interestingly, melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), an antioxidant, can block NF- κB signaling to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β, and has positive effects on uterine development and endometrial receptivity, indicating its potential as a therapeutic candidate for improving fertility in patients with adenomyosis (Guan et al., 2022). Here, IL1B is linked to adenomyosis.