SNCA and Parkinson disease: Notably, genetically modified organoids carrying mutations in LRRK2 (G2019S), SNCA, or PINK1 have demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impaired dopaminergic neurogenesis, making them ideal tools for investigating familial PD and evaluating potential therapies (Nguyen et al., 2011; Bolognin et al., 2019; Smits et al., 2019; Becerra-Calixto et al., 2023; Brown et al., 2021).