They also allow for personalized disease modeling by incorporating mutations such as C9orf72 and TDP-43, which are commonly found in familial ALS cases (Guo et al., 2024; Nie et al., 2025; Casiraghi et al., 2025; de Majo et al., 2023). Here, C9orf72 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.