AR and prostate cancer: Mechanistically, they primarily affect signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, AR, EGFR, and Wnt/β-catenin, which are often closely related to prostate cancer progression (Kong et al., 2023) As part of herbal formulas, single herb extracts exhibit various anti-prostate cancer cell activities, such as the anticancer bioactivity of Ganoderma lucidum and its extracts.