TARDBP and neurodegenerative disease: Notably, mutations in SG-associated genes—including MAPT, TARDBP (TDP-43), FUS, ATXN2, TIA1, and HNRNPA1—have been shown to disrupt SG dynamics, impair disassembly, and enhance aggregation propensity, thereby contributing to neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis (Table 1).