Regarding microbiota functional dynamics in HF, Modrego et al. reported stage-dependent evolutionary traits: early-to-mid HF stages show progressive SCFA synthesis decline and rising IL-6/TNF-α levels, while late HF stages exhibit near-depleted SCFAs and cytokine storms triggering multi-organ dysfunction (Modrego et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and hydrops fetalis.