Likewise, we have found that the upregulation of TNF-α and IL-12 in LPS (a positive stimulator of pro-inflammatory responses [32])-treated macrophages (410.6 ± 42.8 pg/mL for TNF-α and 368.6 ± 55.6 pg/mL for IL-12) at 24 h post infection was significantly reduced (128.8 ± 27.8 pg/mL for TNF-α and 92.9 ± 24.8 pg/mL for IL-12) in LPS +L.d.-treated cells (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) (Fig. 1A). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.