Infection with the capsular serotype III strain, GB112, resulted in the enhanced production of G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1, FLT3, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, TNF-β, 12p70, IL-17E, and IL-17F in primary human gestational membranes ex vivo as well as the maternal chamber of the organ-on-a-chip model (Fig. 3 to 5), as determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Here, TNF is linked to infection.