TSC2 and bladder transitional cell carcinoma: Chronic activation of mTORC1, secondary to inactivating mutations in TSC1 or TSC2, occurs in the syndromic tumors of TSC, as well as various malignancies, including bladder cancer (BLCA), hepatocellular cancer (HCC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) (10–12).