TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: ,8 As a result, the microbiota's functions, metabolite production, and metabolic interactions with the human host also differ from those observed in healthy individuals,9‐12 which has been linked to altered immune responses.13‐17 We have further demonstrated shifts in the metabolic exchange of gut microbiota in IBD patients before and after anti-TNF treatment, as well as distinct differences between responders and non-responders to the therapy.18