Key upregulated genes in PH1‐Control kidneys, including chemokine‐related Cxcl10 and Il1b, cytokine‐associated Il6 and Tnf, renal injury markers Havcr1 and Vcam1, immune cell regulators Ptprc and Lyz2, and fibrotic marker Spp1, demonstrating pronounced inflammatory responses, immune cell activation, tubular epithelial damage and fibrotic progression (Figure 6C). Here, VCAM1 is linked to primary hyperoxaluria type 1.