GDF15 and cancer: In a cohort of 555 naïve cancer patients, including indiscriminately solid cancers (lung, breast, and gastrointestinal) and MDS, circulating levels of cardio-oncological marker Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15, measured by ELISA) were associated with all-cause mortality in the total cohort, whereas in the subgroup analysis, association with outcome remained significant only for solid tumors but not for MDS [58].