Although both groups exhibit a broadly similar inflammatory profile (higher in NP), specific differences are driven by the type of insult, reflecting DAMP versus PAMP mediated pathways (and the interaction with purinergic receptors such as TLRs or NLRs – Toll or NOD like receptors and their intracellular signalling [19]), their inherent nature (e.g. affected organs), and their temporal dynamics (e.g. early intervention).” As it well known, SIRS patients exhibit an increase in total leukocytes, predominantly by the massive mobilization of neutrophil populations. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is systemic inflammatory response syndrome.