Table 1 shows that patients with GDM had significantly higher fasting, 1-h, and 2-hour glucose concentrations in the OGTT at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, along with higher fasting glucose and insulin, TG, TG/HDL-C ratio, HOMA-IR, TOS, MDA, and OSI, but lower gestational age, pregnancy weight gain, neonatal birth height and weight, and apoA1 and LDL-C levels compared to controls (P < 0.05). Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.