Participants with obesity had higher body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), serum leptin, visceral adipocyte parameters, subcutaneous adipocyte perimeter, and visceral LEP mRNA expression, whereas serum omentin levels were lower (P < 0.05 all) compared with participants without obesity (Supplementary Table 1). Here, ITLN1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.