TNF and neoplasm: M1 macrophages, activated by IFN‐γ or bacterial products, release cytokines like TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐12 to activate effector T cells and promote tumor immunity, though IFN‐γ also induces PD‐L1, limiting immune efficacy.[12] In contrast, M2‐like macrophages dominate the TME, secreting growth factors TGF‐β and immunosuppressive cytokines like IL‐10 that inhibit cytotoxic T cells and promote regulatory T cell activity, aiding tumor progression.[13]