TNF and Hydrocephalus: For example, in both infants and adults with hemorrhagic events, elevated levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), and others in CSF and peripheral blood have been correlated with the incidence and severity of secondary hydrocephalus [13–16].