GMNN and cancer: Moreover, in these women, the IPA analysis anticipated inhibition of multiple genes (HNF4G, HNF4A, GMNN, SOX1, SOX3) that have been described to be downregulated in multiple types of cancer [62–67], including cervical cancer [68–71], and upregulation of the transforming growth factor-beta 2 pathway, also found to be altered when urothelial cells were exposed to S. haematobium eggs.